De Nationale dag van de Volksrepubliek China wordt elk jaar gevierd op 1 oktober van de gregoriaanse kalender. Het is een algemene feestdag in de Volksrepubliek China.
De Republiek China en het Dubbel Tienfestival werd op 1 oktober 1949 opgeheven op het Chinese vasteland, in plaats daarvan heeft Mao Zedong (Communistische Partij) op die dag de Volksrepubliek China uitgeroepen. Met een ceremonie op het Plein van de Hemelse Vrede. De leden van de Kwomintang (Nationalisten) zijn toen naar Taiwan gevlucht, en regeert tot de dag van vandaag daar nog steeds. De centrale Chinese regering gaf de resolutie op de Nationale Dag van de Volksrepubliek China op 2 december 1949 en verklaarde dat 1 oktober de Nationale Dag is (http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationale_dag_van_de_Volksrepubliek_China). Op deze dag past Chinees bier........Chinees bier, of wacht eens.... ...is dit wel Chinees?
Hongkong of Hong Kong is een speciale administratieve regio van de Volksrepubliek China (net als Macau). De officiële naam van het gebied is dan ook Speciale Administratieve Regio Hongkong van de Volksrepubliek China. Het gebied bestaat uit 236 eilanden met een totale oppervlakte van 1.104 km² en grenst aan de Zuid-Chinese Zee.
De naam Hongkong is afgeleid van de uitspraak in het plaatselijke Standaardkantonese taal: Heung Kôong (Hanzi: 香港), wat "geurige haven" betekent. Oorspronkelijk was dit enkel de naam van een nederzetting op de plek van het huidige Aberdeen. De herkomst ervan is onbekend, hoewel historici suggereren dat de naam is afgeleid van de handel in geurige wierook die in Hongkong plaatsvond (http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong). Hong Kong (香港; "Fragrant Harbour"), officially known as Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is a city on the southern coast of China at the Pearl River Estuary and the South China Sea...The reference to fragrance may refer to the sweet taste of the harbour's fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River, or to the incense from factories, lining the coast to the north of Kowloon, which was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before the development of the Victoria Harbour (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong).
In 1839, the refusal of Qing-dynasty authorities to support opium imports caused the outbreak of the First Opium War between Britain and China. China's defeat resulted in the occupation of Hong Kong Island by British forces on 20 January 1841. It was initially ceded under the Convention of Chuenpee, as part of a ceasefire agreement between Captain Charles Elliot and Governor Qishan. This agreement, however was never ratified due to a dispute between high-ranking officials of both countries.
On 29 August 1842, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded in perpetuity to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the Treaty of Nanking. The British officially established a Crown colony and founded the City of Victoria in the following year.
In 1842, the Treaty of Nanking was signed and the name, Hong Kong, was first recorded on official documents to encompass the entirety of the island.
The name had often been written as the single word Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926. Nevertheless, a number of century-old institutions still retain the single-word form, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation.
The full official name, after 1997, is "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China". This is the official title as mentioned in the Hong Kong Basic Law and the Hong Kong Government's website; however, "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region" and "Hong Kong" are widely accepted.
Hong Kong has carried many nicknames: the most famous among those is the "Pearl of the Orient", which reflected the impressive night-view of the city's light decorations on the skyscrapers along both sides of the Victoria Harbour ((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong).).
Hongkong bestaat uit het gelijknamige eiland ten oosten van de Parelrivier met een oppervlakte van 78 km², het schiereiland Kowloon (Mandarijn: Jiulong, Negen Draken) met een oppervlakte van bijna 47 km² en de New Territories met een oppervlakte van 974 km². De New Territories bestaan uit het gebied ten noorden van Kowloon grenzend aan het vasteland van China en verder uit 235 eilanden, waarvan het merendeel niet bewoond is. Het eiland Lantau is met 146 km² het grootste eiland, gevolgd door het eiland Hongkong (http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong).
Het gebied wordt al zo'n 5000 jaar bevolkt. De Britse Oost-Indische Compagnie (British East India Company) legde in 1699 voor het eerst contact in China, waarna handel tussen beide landen op gang kwam (http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong).
After China's defeat in the First Opium War (1839–42) against the British Empire, Hong Kong became a British colony with the perpetual cession of Hong Kong Island, followed by Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898. After being occupied by Japan during the Second World War (1941–45), the British resumed control until 30 June 1997. As a result of the negotiations between China and Britain, Hong Kong was transferred to the People's Republic of China under the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration. The city became China's first Special Administrative Region on 1 July 1997 under the principle of "one country, two systems" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong)
De Volksrepubliek China, als zelfverklaard rechtsgeldige opvolger van het Qing keizerrijk, gaf te kennen de pacht, verleend in 1898, niet te willen verlengen. Op 19 december 1984 werd een overeenkomst gesloten tussen het Verenigd Koninkrijk en China, die voorzag in het overdragen van het volledige gebied van Hongkong aan China. De laatste gouverneur van de kolonie, Chris Patten, voerde een zekere democratisering in. Op 1 juli 1997 droeg het Verenigd Koninkrijk Hongkong over aan China. Hongkong werd hierbij een Speciale Bestuurlijke Regio, waarin gedurende vijftig jaar niet dezelfde wetten gelden als in het communistische China. Dit wordt het idee van "één land, twee systemen" genoemd. Krachtens het verdrag met de Britten behield Hongkong zijn Legislative Council, in de volksmond Legco genoemd (http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkong).
Hong Kong is een speciale administratieve regio van China. De enige zaken die China regelt zijn defensie en buitenlandse zaken. Verder handelt deze voormalige Britse Kroonkolonie eigenlijk als een zelfstandig land. Dat blijft in ieder geval zo tot 1 januari 2047, zoals de Chinezen voor de overdracht met het Verenigd Koninkrijk zijn overeengekomen. Wie kennis wil maken met een stad waar Chinese tradities samenvloeien met westers kapitalisme die heeft in Hong Kong de ultieme bestemming gevonden. Zo zie je op de ene plek in Hong Kong zakenmensen in driedelig kostuum als bezige bijtjes hard bezig meer geld en macht te verkrijgen terwijl in een blok verderop boeddhistische monniken een leven lijden waarbij ze afstand hebben genomen van veel aardse zaken (www.hongkongvoorbeginners.nl/).
Op Lantau, bij het Po Lin-Klooster, staat het grootste bronzen Boeddhabeeld ter wereld. In totaal meten het voetstuk plus beeld van de zittende Buddha 33 meter. Het voetstuk is tien meter hoog, het beeld zelf meet 23 meter. Ngong Ping is behalve de plek waar het klooster en Big Buddha zich bevinden vooral ook een verzameling van souvenirwinkels en horecagelegenheden. Langs deze commerciële gebouwen kom je uit bij de trap die leidt naar het Boeddhabeeld. Je moet eerst deze 268 treden beklimmen vooraleer je bij het beeld aankomt. Er is geen lift of roltrap voor mensen met een beperking.
De Big Bhudda wordt omringt door een zestal Bodhisattva-beelden. De offers die deze zes beelden brengen, drie aan iedere kant, symboliseren de zes volmaaktheden die bij het boeddhisme horen. Dit zijn wijsheid, concentratie, zedelijkheid, wilskracht, vrijgevigheid en geduld.
Het Po-Lin klooster ligt in Ngong Ping op het eiland Lantau. Het boeddhistische klooster is in het jaar 1906 gesticht. Eén van de hoogtepunten is het grote Boeddhabeeld dat elders op deze pagina beschreven staat. Een ander hoogtepunt is de hoofdtempel met drie bronzen Boeddhabeelden. Voor de tempel zie je Chinezen massaal wierook branden. Niet per stokje maar met bossen tegelijk. Voor toeristen is dit een waar schouwspel (www.steden.net/china/hong-kong/).
Een bezoekje aan deze toeristische trekpleister is erg verwarrend. Allerlei commerciële stalletjes met toeristentroep, afgewisseld met boeddhistische filosofische belevingen. Er is zelfs een alcohol- en vleesloos restaurant. Zo raar, naast al dat kapitalisme.
Towards the late 1970s, Hong Kong has become established as a major entrepot between the world and China. The city has further developed into a global hub for freight logistics, information, trade and financial centre (London-Hong Kong-New York). Hong Kong is thus regarded as a "world city" and one of the eight "Alpha+ cities". It ranked fifth on the 2014 Global Cities Index after New York City, London, Tokyo and Paris. The city, however, has the most severe income inequality among the advanced economies (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong)
Limited flatland in Hong Kong generated the necessity of denser infrastructure and transformed the city into a centre of modern architecture, earning Hong Kong the title as the world's most vertical city (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong). Er staan dus veel hoge wolkenkrabbers; kantoortorens en hoge woontorens die een flatje doen lijken op een kabouterhuisje en de Rotterdamse Euromast op een lantaarn. En je voelt je er als je door de straten loopt erg klein.
De gebouwen zijn ook een bezienswaardigheid op zich:
Iedere avond als de weersomstandigheden goed zijn is het om 20:00 uur showtime aan de Avenue of Stars. Dan is het tijd voor de ‘Symphony of Lights’, een lichtshow waarbij er gebruik gemaakt wordt van tientallen gebouwen aan beide oevers van de Victoria Harbour. De meeste gebouwen die meedoen staan op Hong Kong island. Vandaar dat de Avenue of Stars de beste plek is om de show die bijna een kwartier duurt te bekijken. A Symphony of Lights is een lichtshow waarbij de verlichting op gebouwen gebruikt wordt, aangevuld met laserlicht (www.steden.net/china/hong-kong/).
Zodra je na aankomst op het vliegveld uiteindelijk aankomt in Kowloon of op Hong Kong Island (op die twee plekken verblijft 99% van de toeristen) dan kijk je je ogen uit. De drukte, de manier waarop de gebouwen en wegen aangelegd zijn en de vele neonreclames.... zoiets zul je nergens in Europa aantreffen. Als je je eenmaal op straat begeeft dan komen er nog twee dimensies bij. Allereerst het bijna overal aanwezige geluid. De grote hoeveelheid mensen die op relatief weinig vierkante kilometers samenkomen zijn gegarandeerd goed voor een hoop lawaai. Het tweede element dat echt bij Hong Kong (en ook de verschillende Chinatowns in steden zoals Hong Kong en Singapore) hoort is geur (www.hongkongvoorbeginners.nl/). De geur is inderdaad erg typisch. Al is het zeker geen wierook....
De straten zijn ook bomvol reclame; zo ziet kapitalisme er dus uit...
Er is voor toeristen genoeg te doen (zie www.steden.net/china/hong-kong/ en www.landenportal.nl/hongkong.htm) al kan ik het ruimtevaartmuseum niet aanraden (tenzij je fan bent van vintage/retro jaren tachtig)...
Maar let op!
- niet iedereen is ervan gediend gefotografeerd te worden, vraag daarom eerst toestemming als u iemand op de foto wil zetten
- het wenken zoals wij gewend zijn (met duim en wijsvinger) is in Hong Kong zeer onbeleefd
- het verkeer in Hong Kong kan zeer hectisch zijn. Houd in de spitsuren rekening met extra reistijd als je vervoer over de weg gebruikt
- negeer de runners voor kledingmakers die je aantreft in Tsim Sha Tsui. Zij leiden je niet naar de beste of goedkoopste kledingmakers. Eenmaal binnen kom je nauwelijks weer buiten zonder ruzie of iets gekocht te hebben
- bij windstil en warm weer vormt smog een serieuze bedreiging voor longpatienten
Dé manier om van Kowloon naar Hong Kong Island te gaan (of andersom) is met de Star Ferry. Behalve dat het een zeer goedkope manier is om het water over te steken, is het ook een leuke manier. Je krijgt immers een fraai uitzicht op de skylines van beide delen van Hong Kong. Een enkele overtocht betaal je door middel van een ‘token’ dat je uit de machine haalt. Op het moment dat we dit schrijven kost de overtocht voor een volwassene HK$ 2,50, wat neerkomt op ongeveer € 0,25 (www.steden.net/china/hong-kong/). Dé manier om het waterleven in Aberdeen te verkennen is op een sampan. Je kunt vanaf de Aberdeenkade deelnemen aan een ongeveer twintig tot dertig minuten durende boottocht door Aberdeen Harbour (www.steden.net/china/hong-kong/).
History of beer in Hong Kong dates back to the mid-19th century. Currently the best selling beer is San Miguel, brewed by San Miguel Brewery Hong Kong. San Miguel has been brewed in Sham Tseng since 1948, and later moved to Yuen Long until 2007. The brewery was reopened in 2009. Carlsberg was also brewed in Tai Po since the 1980s until recently. Blue Girl, a brand owned by the Hong Kong-based trading and distribution company Jebsen & Co., is brewed in South Korea under supervision of Jebsen & Co.
International craft beer and microbrews have seen a rise in popularity since 2010, with specialty and premium beer from countries such as Belgium, UK, Australian, USA and Japan being more widely available. Other notable brands include Tsingtao, Corona. Jolly Shandy is also fairly popular among women and youngsters. A local craft brewery is Typhoon Brewery on Lantau Island.
Moreover, due to changes in alcohol licensing legislation implemented in the year 2000, brewing beer at home using small scale equipment and ingredients, commonly referred to as "home brewing", is now permissible in Hong Kong within limits (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_in_Hong_Kong).
Beertopia is Hong Kong’s largest international craft beer festival. Started in 2012, the most recent festival featured over 6,000 attendees taking over the West Kowloon Waterfront and trying over 250 different beers from around the world. The festival also included food, live music, beer lectures, and beer games.
Beertopia was started by Jonathan So simply because there were no other craft beer festivals in Hong Kong. Originally from Toronto, and having lived in New York for many years, he was surprised to discover the lack of diversity in the beer selection in Hong Kong bars, as well as a general apathy towards beer.
The goal of Beertopia is to provide an opportunity for people to taste and learn about quality beers they might not be aware of, and to do this in a fun and lively environment. While there are food and wine events in Hong Kong that also include beer, beer is typically an afterthought. By bringing beer to the forefront, hopefully the festival can help raise the interest of craft beer in Hong Kong
(http://beerbeer.org/?p=14759).
HK Brewcraft is your local homebrew store in Hong Kong. Whether you are a brewmaster, an aspiring homebrewer, or just want to have some fun making your own beer, HK Brewcraft is a one-stop shop for all your needs. We carry high quality homebrewing ingredients and equipment, as well as some of our favorite craft beers from all over the world. We can't promise that we carry everything, but we do promise to help you find it! (www.hkbrewcraft.com/about-hk-brewcraft)
'Hong Kong Beer' was started in 2003 and is the first native Hong Kong brewery and brand (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_in_Hong_Kong). Adres: 5 Fung Yip Street, Hongkong ()google review
Hong Kong Beer Co. was launched as Asia’s first craft brewery to sell beer exclusively in bottles and kegs. Established in 1995 as South China Brewing Company, the current name was adopted in 2003. HKBC was acquired in 2013 by Devin Otto Kimble and Daniel Flores, the two founders of Singapore’s multiple award-winning Brewerkz Restaurant & Microbrewery, which they opened in 1997. With no current ties to Singapore’s longest running brewpub, the new owners are fully committed to making HKBC a world-class brewery...Simon Pesch, a craft beer industry veteran with almost 20 years of professional brewing experience in the United States, leads the HKBC operations. The former brewmaster at Pyramid Breweries in Berkeley, California, ...To match the class of what’s inside the bottles and kegs, all labels and graphics have been totally revamped by Cultivator Advertising & Design, a Denver, Colorado-based world-leader in craft brewery graphic design.(www.hkbeerco.com/#about).
HONG KONG BEER
TASTING NOTES:
Copperish hue, malt forward profile with a dash more hop character than a typical lager, this is a beer to be enjoyed on a fine summer’s day, which is practically any day in Hong Kong. Its crisp, refreshing finish will have you reaching for another one or two (www.hkbeerco.com/#beers).
Dus Engeland pakt met geweld een haven af van China en huurt het vervolgens voor 100 jaar. Vlak voor de overdracht kwam er een bierbrouwerij, die nu is gekocht door buitenlanders...
Taiwan (Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a sovereign state in East Asia. The Republic of China, originally based in mainland China, now governs the island of Taiwan, which makes up over 99% of its territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands.
The island of Taiwan (formerly known as "Formosa") was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines until the Dutch and Spanish settlement during the Age of Discovery in the 17th century, when Han Chinese began immigrating to the island. In 1662, the pro-Ming loyalist Koxinga expelled the Dutch and established the first Han Chinese polity on the island, the Kingdom of Tungning. The Qing Dynasty of China later defeated the kingdom and annexed Taiwan. By the time Taiwan was ceded to Japan in 1895, the majority of Taiwan's inhabitants were Han Chinese either by ancestry or by assimilation. The Republic of China (ROC) was established in China in 1912. After Japan's surrender in 1945, the ROC assumed its control of Taiwan. Following the Chinese civil war, the Communist Party of China took full control of mainland China and founded the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. The ROC relocated its government to Taiwan, and its jurisdiction became limited to Taiwan and its surrounding islands. In 1971, the PRC assumed China's seat at the United Nations, which the ROC originally occupied. International recognition of the ROC has gradually eroded as most countries switched recognition to the PRC. 21 UN member states and the Holy See currently maintain official diplomatic relations with the ROC. It has unofficial ties with most other states via its representative offices (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan).
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Constitutionally, there is dispute over whether the government claims sovereignty over all of "China," in a definition that includes mainland China and Outer Mongolia, but the ROC has not made retaking mainland China a political goal since 1992. However, the government's stance on defining its political position of relation with China largely depends on which political coalition is in charge. Meanwhile, the PRC also asserts itself to be the sole legal representation of China and claims Taiwan as its 23rd province to be under its sovereignty, denying the status and existence of ROC as a sovereign state. The PRC has threatened the use of military force as a response to any formal declaration of Taiwanese independence, or if it deems peaceful reunification no longer possible (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan).
Official language: language and language of education Mandarin. Hoklo and Hakka are widely spoken Languages: 28 (www.operationworld.org/chnt)
Taiwan does have something of an identity problem. The island seems best known for its "Made in Taiwan" label or simply as a "renegade province of China". But beyond hi-tech gadgets and a rebellious spirit, there is so much more: world-class centres of Buddhism, avant-garde dance companies and some of Asia's most tantalising cuisine.
Foremost, though, is the National Palace Museum, with that collection that outshines anything in Beijing, Xi'an or Shanghai. The migration of these treasures across the Taiwan Strait reflects the contemporary history of China in the past century. At the height of the Civil War in the Forties, Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalists retreated to Taiwan and left Mao's Communists to the mainland. Across the sea, they carried half a million artefacts and antiquities from the Imperial Palace Museum in Beijing. Not even a porcelain cup was damaged on the journey. In mainland China, many considered the act theft. The displaced art collection was yet another irritant to Beijing when it came to cross-Strait relations (www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/china/7523122/Taiwan-the-other-quieter-China.html).
Taiwan's Buddhist and Taoist temples are often elaborate. Two of the finest are the elegant Baoan Temple and Taipei's oldest, Longshan Temple, renowned for its fine stone sculpture, wood carving and bronze work. Confucius Temple is a tranquil place of worship, except on September 28, when it is said to stage the world's most authentic celebration of Confucius' birthday. Worth a day trip from Taipei, Dharma Drum Mountain (www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/china/7523122/Taiwan-the-other-quieter-China.html).
During the latter half of the 20th century, Taiwan experienced rapid economic growth and industrialization and is now an advanced industrial economy. In the 1980s and early 1990s, Taiwan evolved into a multi-party democracy with universal suffrage. Taiwan is one of the Four Asian Tigers and a member of the WTO and APEC. The 19th-largest economy in the world, its high-tech industry plays a key role in the global economy. Taiwan is ranked highly in terms of freedom of the press, health care, public education, economic freedom, and human development (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan).
Taiwan was joined to the Asian mainland in the Late Pleistocene, until sea levels rose about 10,000 years ago.
The Dutch East India Company attempted to establish a trading outpost on the Penghu Islands (Pescadores) in 1622, but were militarily defeated and driven off by the Ming authorities.[40] In 1624, the company established a stronghold called Fort Zeelandia on the coastal islet of Tayouan, which is now part of the main island at Anping, Tainan.
In 1626, the Spanish landed on and occupied northern Taiwan, at the ports of Keelung and Tamsui, as a base to extend their trading. This colonial period lasted 16 years until 1642, when the last Spanish fortress fell to Dutch forces.
Following the fall of the Ming Dynasty, Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong), a self-styled Ming loyalist, arrived on the island and captured Fort Zeelandia in 1662, expelling the Dutch government and military from the island. Koxinga established the Kingdom of Tungning (1662–1683), with his capital at Tainan. He and his heirs, Zheng Jing, who ruled from 1662 to 1682, and Zheng Keshuang, who ruled less than a year, continued to launch raids on the southeast coast of mainland China well into the Qing Dynasty.
In 1683, following the defeat of Koxinga's grandson by an armada led by Admiral Shi Lang of southern Fujian, the Qing formally annexed Taiwan, placing it under the jurisdiction of Fujian province. The Qing imperial government tried to reduce piracy and vagrancy in the area, issuing a series of edicts to manage immigration and respect aboriginal land rights. Immigrants mostly from southern Fujian continued to enter Taiwan. The border between taxpaying lands and "savage" lands shifted eastward, with some aborigines becoming sinicized while others retreated into the mountains. During this time, there were a number of conflicts between groups of Chinese from different regions of southern Fujian, and between southern Fujian Chinese and aborigines.
Northern Taiwan and the Penghu Islands were the scene of subsidiary campaigns in the Sino-French War (August 1884 to April 1885). The French occupied Keelung on 1 October 1884, but were repulsed...The Pescadores Campaign, beginning on 31 March 1885, was a French victory, but had no long-term consequences. The French evacuated both Keelung and the Penghu archipelago after the end of the war. In 1885, the Qing redesignated Taiwan Prefecture of Fujian as Taiwan Province, the twentieth in the empire, with its capital at Taipei...
The Qing dynasty was defeated in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) and Taiwan and Penghu were ceded in full sovereignty to the Empire of Japan. Inhabitants wishing to remain Qing subjects were given a two-year grace period to sell their property and move to mainland China. Very few Taiwanese saw this as feasible.[43] On 25 May 1895, a group of pro-Qing high officials proclaimed the Republic of Formosa to resist impending Japanese rule. Japanese forces entered the capital at Tainan and quelled this resistance on 21 October 1895. Guerrilla fighting continued periodically until about 1902. Several subsequent rebellions against the Japanese (the Beipu Uprising of 1907, the Tapani Incident of 1915, and the Wushe Incident of 1930) were all unsuccessful but demonstrated opposition to Japanese colonial rule. Japanese colonial rule was instrumental in the industrialization of the island, extending the railroads and other transportation networks, building an extensive sanitation system, and establishing a formal education system...
During World War II, tens of thousands of Taiwanese served in the Japanese military...Important Japanese military bases and industrial centers throughout Taiwan, like Kaohsiung, were targets of heavy American bombing. Also during this time, over 2,000 women were forced into sexual slavery for Imperial Japanese troops, now euphemistically called "comfort women".
On 25 October 1945, the US Navy ferried ROC troops to Taiwan in order to accept the formal surrender of Japanese military forces in Taipei (then part of Taihoku Prefecture), as part of General Order No. 1 for temporary military occupation. Chen Yi proclaimed that day to be "Taiwan Retrocession Day", but the Allies considered Taiwan and the Penghu Islands to be under military occupation and still under Japanese sovereignty until 1952, when the Treaty of San Francisco took effect.
After the end of World War II, the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Chinese Nationalists (Kuomintang), led by Chiang Kai-shek, and the Chinese Communist Party, led by Mao Zedong. By 1949, a series of Chinese Communist offensives led to the defeat of the Nationalist army, and the Communists founded the People's Republic of China on 1 October.
In December 1949, Chiang evacuated his government to Taiwan and made Taipei the temporary capital of the ROC (also called the "wartime capital" by Chiang Kai-shek). Some 2 million people, consisting mainly of soldiers, members of the ruling Kuomintang and intellectual and business elites, were evacuated from mainland China to Taiwan at that time, adding to the earlier population of approximately six million. In addition, the ROC government took to Taipei many national treasures and much of China's gold reserves and foreign currency reserves....Martial law, declared on Taiwan in May 1949, continued to be in effect after the central government relocated to Taiwan. It was not repealed until 1987, and was used as a way to suppress the political opposition in the intervening years....
...in 1950 the conflict between North Korea and South Korea, which had been ongoing since the Japanese withdrawal in 1945, escalated into full-blown war, and in the context of the Cold War, US President Harry S. Truman intervened again and dispatched the 7th Fleet into the Taiwan Straits to prevent hostilities between Taiwan and mainland China. In the Treaty of San Francisco and the Treaty of Taipei, which came into force respectively on 28 April 1952 and 5 August 1952, Japan formally renounced all right, claim and title to Taiwan and Penghu, and renounced all treaties signed with China before 1942. Neither treaty specified to whom sovereignty over the islands should be transferred, because the United States and the United Kingdom disagreed on whether the ROC or the PRC was the legitimate government of China. Continuing conflict of the Chinese Civil War through the 1950s, and intervention by the United States notably resulted in legislation such as the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty and the Formosa Resolution of 1955.
The political environment is complicated by the potential for military conflict should Taiwan make overt actions toward de jure independence; it is the official PRC policy to use force to ensure reunification if peaceful reunification is no longer possible, as stated in its anti-secession law, and for this reason there are substantial military installations on the Fujian coast. Although more recently[vague] the PRC has moved towards promoting peaceful relations with the current ROC government aimed at gradual reunification (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan).
The Republic of China Army takes its roots in the National Revolutionary Army, which was established by Sun Yat-sen in 1925 in Guangdong with a goal of reunifying China under the Kuomintang. When the People's Liberation Army won the Chinese Civil War, much of the National Revolutionary Army retreated to Taiwan along with the government. It was later reformed into the Republic of China Army. Units which surrendered and remained in mainland China were either disbanded or incorporated into the People's Liberation Army.
Today, the Republic of China maintains a large and technologically advanced military, mainly as defense against the constant threat of invasion by the PRC under the Anti-Secession Law of the People's Republic of China. From 1949 to the 1970s, the primary mission of the military was to "retake the mainland" through Project National Glory. As this mission has shifted to defense, the ROC military has begun to shift emphasis from the traditionally dominant Army to the air force and navy.
Control of the armed forces has also passed into the hands of the civilian government. As the ROC military shares historical roots with the KMT, the older generation of high-ranking officers tends to have Pan-Blue sympathies. However, many have retired and there are many more non-mainlanders enlisting in the armed forces in the younger generations, so the political leanings of the military have moved closer to the public norm in Taiwan (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan).
The cultures of Taiwan are a hybrid blend of various sources, incorporating elements of traditional Chinese culture, attributable to the historical and ancestry origin of the majority of its current residents, Japanese culture, traditional Confucianist beliefs, and increasingly Western values.
After their move to Taiwan, the Kuomintang imposed an official interpretation of traditional Chinese culture over Taiwan. The government launched a program promoting Chinese calligraphy, traditional Chinese painting, folk art, and Chinese opera.
The status of Taiwanese culture is debated. It is disputed whether Taiwanese culture is a regional form of Chinese culture or a distinct culture. Reflecting the continuing controversy surrounding the political status of Taiwan, politics continues to play a role in the conception and development of a Taiwanese cultural identity, especially in the prior dominant frame of a Taiwanese and Chinese dualism. In recent years, the concept of Taiwanese multiculturalism has been proposed as a relatively apolitical alternative view, which has allowed for the inclusion of mainlanders and other minority groups into the continuing re-definition of Taiwanese culture as collectively held systems of meaning and customary patterns of thought and behavior shared by the people of Taiwan. Identity politics, along with the over one hundred years of political separation from mainland China, has led to distinct traditions in many areas, including cuisine and music (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan).
Some of Asia's best food is found in Taiwan, thanks largely to the waves of immigrants who went there from all over China with recipes of spicy, salty, and sweet-and-sour cuisine. A diverse array of dishes can be sampled at Taipei's night markets, such as Shilin, where hundreds of stalls serve inexpensive xioa chi, or "little eats". For refreshments, do try the bubble tea or shaved ice. For a simple, almost perfect meal, head to Din Tai Fung (194 Xinyi road, Section 2), Taiwan's most popular dumpling chain. To try classic Taiwanese cuisine up in the clouds, go to Shin Yeh, on the 85th floor of Taipei 101, one of the world's tallest buildings (45 Shifu road).
Taiwanese cuisine is heavily influenced by Japanese and fusion cooking. Japan occupied Taiwan for 50 years during the first half of the 20th century and left a mark on the nation's taste buds. Shi Yang Culture Restaurant, an hour north of Taipei, serves an exquisite nouvelle menu (7 Lane 350, Xiwan road, Section 3, Xizhi City.
Taiwan has excellent conditions to grow some of the world's finest tea. The hills around Pinglin, a day trip from Taipei, are covered in neat plantations and the shops downtown are stuffed with sacks of fragrant Baozhong oolong. Back in the city are tea-houses such as Wistaria House (1, Lane 16, Xinsheng S Road, Section 3), a Taipei institution and former meeting place of political dissidents and artists, and the contemporary Cha Cha Thé, which sells delicate pineapple cakes to accompany its Oriental Beauty tea (23, Alley 219, Fu Xing South Rd, Section 1) (www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/china/7523122/Taiwan-the-other-quieter-China.html).
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Het etiket van Taiwan beer doet mij denken aan het etiket van Heineken...
Al is er ook een etiket dat doet denken aan Schültenbrau:
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pop star Chang Hui-mei (張惠妹), better known as A-mei, to a one-year contract, making her the first female celebrity to become a spokesperson for domestic beer products, the company said.
"Our analyses shows that women only account for 20 to 30 percent of beer drinkers. But beer suits everyone, regardless of age or gender," said Ray Dawn (董瑞斌), chairman of Taiwan Tobacco, at a press conference held yesterday as the temperature shot to a record-breaking 37.6?C in Taipei.
A-mei will face off with film actor Chang Chen (張震), who was hired in April to be the face of Taiwan Kirin Co Ltd (台灣麒麟啤酒).
Taiwan Kirin president Hiraoka Takanori said in a previous interview that he was looking to see a 20 percent growth over last year's sales, based on the Chang campaign and World Cup commercials.
A-mei is not the first singer to front for Taiwan Beer. Rock star Wu Bai (伍佰) led the way, and was followed by the Mando-pop band Six Plus (六甲樂團) (www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2006/07/08/2003317875).
Ook zangeres Jolin is met het biermerk verbonden (www.chinaentertainmentnews.com/2012/07/
jolin-tsai-announces-new-album-at.html). Jolin Tsai Has A Dance-Off For Taiwan Beer Commercials. After becoming the spokesperson for Taiwan Beer, Jolin Tai shots commercials for the company (www.jpopasia.com/news/jolin-tsai-has-a-dance-off-for-taiwan-beer-commercials::6043.html, http://girlsofasianmedia.tumblr.com/post/4563730010/jolin-tsai-taiwan-beer-part-2-cm-new). A-mei becomes new model for Taiwan Beer ads.
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Taiwan Beer Alc.4.5% vol.
Taiwan Beer is made with specially chosen imported malt and hop and top quality locally exclusive Ponlai rice. The finely chosen ingredients are mixed to the best ratio and brewed with specially chosen bottom fermentation yeast in low t
(http://en.ttl.com.tw/product/product_detail.aspx?class_id=23)
En om het nog complexer te maken:
![]()
Some of Asia's best food is found in Taiwan, thanks largely to the waves of immigrants who went there from all over China with recipes of spicy, salty, and sweet-and-sour cuisine. A diverse array of dishes can be sampled at Taipei's night markets, such as Shilin, where hundreds of stalls serve inexpensive xioa chi, or "little eats". For refreshments, do try the bubble tea or shaved ice. For a simple, almost perfect meal, head to Din Tai Fung (194 Xinyi road, Section 2), Taiwan's most popular dumpling chain. To try classic Taiwanese cuisine up in the clouds, go to Shin Yeh, on the 85th floor of Taipei 101, one of the world's tallest buildings (45 Shifu road).
Taiwanese cuisine is heavily influenced by Japanese and fusion cooking. Japan occupied Taiwan for 50 years during the first half of the 20th century and left a mark on the nation's taste buds. Shi Yang Culture Restaurant, an hour north of Taipei, serves an exquisite nouvelle menu (7 Lane 350, Xiwan road, Section 3, Xizhi City.
Taiwan has excellent conditions to grow some of the world's finest tea. The hills around Pinglin, a day trip from Taipei, are covered in neat plantations and the shops downtown are stuffed with sacks of fragrant Baozhong oolong. Back in the city are tea-houses such as Wistaria House (1, Lane 16, Xinsheng S Road, Section 3), a Taipei institution and former meeting place of political dissidents and artists, and the contemporary Cha Cha Thé, which sells delicate pineapple cakes to accompany its Oriental Beauty tea (23, Alley 219, Fu Xing South Rd, Section 1) (www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/china/7523122/Taiwan-the-other-quieter-China.html).
Het etiket van Taiwan beer doet mij denken aan het etiket van Heineken...
Al is er ook een etiket dat doet denken aan Schültenbrau:
Taiwan Beer (台灣啤酒, Táiwān Píjǐu, or 台啤, TáiPí) is a large-market beer brewed by the Taiwan Tobacco and Liquor Corporation (TTL, 台灣菸酒公司 Táiwān Yānjiǔ Gōngsī). The brand, an icon of Taiwanese culture, began as a monopoly product but has remained the best-selling beer on the island in the era of free trade.
The company today known as TTL had its origins in a government agency established by Taiwan's Japanese rulers in 1901. The Monopoly Bureau of the Taiwan Governor's Office was responsible for all liquor and tobacco products sold in Taiwan as well as opium, salt, and camphor (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Beer).
The Taiwan Tobacco And Liquor Corporation 台灣菸酒公司, short TTL, is located in the former building of the Monopoly Bureau of the Taiwan Governor's Office, which was established under the Japanese occupation in 1901. The neo-Renaissance building was built in 1922 and is located right next to the old South Gate from the Qing dynasty (source). The state owned company is famous for producing the popular Taiwan Beer (http://mykafkeasquelife.blogspot.nl/2012/08/taiwan-tobacco-and-liquor-corporation.html).
The monopoly business was started in Taiwan during the time of the Japanese occupation. Aside from maintaining its monopoly on opium in 1898, the Taiwan Governor’s Office had also expanded its range of items to include a monopoly on salt and later camphor. It merged the Taiwan Pharmaceutical Factory, the Taiwan Salt Bureau and the Taiwan Camphor Bureau in 1901 into the “Monopoly Bureau of the Taiwan Governor’s Office”. The Taiwan Governor’s Office took over tobacco in 1905 and liquor in 1922, matches, as well as standardized weights and measures in 1942, and petroleum in 1943. Therefore, the eight monopolized items before the retrocession of Taiwan were: cigarettes, liquor, opium, salt, camphor, matches, petroleum and the standardization of weights and measures (http://en.ttl.com.tw/about/about_06.aspx, http://en.ttl.com.tw/about/about_03.aspx).
In 1922 the Monopoly Bureau began brewing Takasago Beer* through the Takasago Malted Beer Company. Light and dark varieties were produced. The price of Takasago Beer varied widely over the course of its manufacture, depending on the availability of imported Japanese beers in Taiwan and on the contingencies of the economy. As World War II reached its conclusion in the 1940s, matches, petroleum, and standard weights and measures also came under the Monopoly Bureau's authority (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Beer).
*ter vergelijking:
Takasago Volunteers (高砂義勇隊 Takasago Giyūtai?) were volunteer soldiers in the Imperial Japanese Army, recruited from the Taiwanese aboriginal tribes during World War II....The Takasago Volunteers were well known for their jungle survival ability. The most notable example is Attun Palalin, a holdout discovered in Indonesia in 1975. He lived in solitude in the jungle for almost 20 years after leaving other holdouts in 1956 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takasago_Volunteers).
After the end of World War II the incoming Chinese Nationalists preserved the monopoly system for alcohol and tobacco. Production of beer was assigned in 1945 to the Taiwan Provincial Monopoly Bureau. The name Taiwan Beer was adopted in 1946. The following year, production of the beer was assigned to the Taiwan Tobacco and Wine Monopoly Bureau (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Beer).
The predecessor of 台灣啤酒 is actually the Takasago Beer高砂麥酒:
In 1947 the Taiwan Provincial Government brought the Bureau directly under its authority by a re-organization which formed the “Taiwan Tobacco and Wine Bureau”. At this time, the number of monopolized items was reduced to three: tobacco, liquor and camphor. In 1951 the Bureau was put under the supervision of the Finance Department of the Taiwan Provincial Government. In1968 after the ending of camphor monopoly, the monopoly range of the Taiwan Tobacco and Wine Monopoly Bureau was reduced to only tobacco and liquor.
The Taiwan Tobacco and Wine Monopoly Bureau was an agency which handled the production, delivery, and sales of tobacco and liquor products. It was responsible for mass production of sufficient supplies of tobacco and liquor to satisfy the public demand, and also the implementation of the tobacco and liquor Monopoly Regulations. The agencies under its jurisdiction included tobacco and liquor distribution units and permitted retailers spread throughout Taiwan, which became a strong, extensive sales network. The monopoly profits from tobacco and liquor sales were submitted to the national Treasury, and fulfilled their economic and financial goals (http://en.ttl.com.tw/about/about_06.aspx, http://en.ttl.com.tw/about/about_03.aspx).
The consumption of imported beer in Taiwan [from Japan] had increased exponentially during this era, from a mere 893 hectoliter in 1897 to 270,000 hectoliter in 1907. By 1919, it reached 870,000 hectoliter. This rate of growth was unprecedented among all alcoholic beverages. And the reasons were the arrival of beer-drinking Japanese immigrants, the acceptance of beer in Taiwanese culture, plus the WW1 wartime prosperity that had also swept over Taiwan.
In Jan 1919, the chairman of 芳釀株式會社 [incorporated in 1910, started producing sake in 1913 on the same site as the now-defunct 台北酒廠], 安倍幸之助Abe Konosuke founded 高砂麥酒株式會社Takasago Bīru Kabushiki-gaisha with a capital of 2 million yen. The factory was located in 內上埤頭 in Taipei （now the site of JianGuo Brewery建國啤酒場）. All equipment was shipped from Hawaii and raw materials from overseas sources. This was also at the beginning of the Great Prohibition in the US, a decline in worldwide beer supply was anticipated.
Initially, the company operated at a loss, accumulating a debt of well over 4 million yen. The marketing strategy was therefore shifted from targeting overseas sales to inland Taiwan consumption. Not unlike the Budweiser Clydesdales, the company sent horse-drawn wagons on advertising tours all over the island. In addition, the chief technician from Kirin Bīru Kabushiki-gaisha was invited to Taiwan to improve the quality of the product. And the sales skyrocketed.
In 1923, Takasago Beer was brewed from malt and hops from Czechoslovakia and Germany. When the Sino-Japanese war broke out in 1937, the company bought wheat from Japan and Manchuria and hops from Poland and Germany. In late 1937, the sources of hops switched to Japan and Korea.
In 1945, after the Chinese takeover of Taiwan, Takasago Beer was re-named Taiwan Beer and stayed so ever since. In 1960, under the direction of German consultants, Taiwan's special premier rice 蓬萊米 was added into the mix [note: the definition of beer is brews that contain 67% malt (thus allowing up to 33% adjuncts including rice, corn, sorghum, potato, starch, and sugar)]. This gives the unique flavor of present-day Taiwan Beer. Needless to say, tastes may change, yet it is still the most enjoyable to those who reached drinking age and sampled Taiwan Beer liberally in the 1960s (www.taipics.com/alcohol.php).
In the 1960s locally produced ponlai rice ("Formosa rice"蓬萊米) was added to the fermentation process, resulting in the distinctive local flavour for which the beer is known today.
Taiwan entered its modern period of pluralistic democracy in the 1990s. Free trade and open markets became priorities as Taiwan prepared for admission to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2002. Laws went into force that year that opened Taiwan's market to competing products. On 2002-07-01 the Monopoly Bureau passed into history. Its successor, the Taiwan Tobacco and Liquor Corporation (TTL, 台灣菸酒公司 Táiwān Yānjiǔ Gōngsī), is a publicly owned company that competes in the marketplace. TTL introduced a new brew, Taiwan Beer Gold Medal, by the end of its first year. Since then the product line has expanded to include Taiwan Beer Draft (a lager for restaurant sales), two malt beers under the Mine label (Amber and Dark), and four fruit-flavoured beers.
Taiwan Beer remains the island's best-selling beer brand and is one of the most recognized brands in Taiwan's business world (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Beer).
In preparation for internationalization and liberalization, the government intended to abolish the monopoly system and free tobacco and liquor production. Accordingly, the “Tobacco and Liquor Management Law” and the “Tobacco and Liquor Tax Law” were enacted. The two laws took effect on January 1, 2002. Since then the monopoly system was eliminated and the free production of tobacco and liquor began.
The " Taiwan Tobacco and Liquor Corporation Regulations " were passed by the Legislative Yuan on April 25, 2002 and became law by presidential decree on May 15, 2002. The name of the Bureau was subsequently changed to the Taiwan Tobacco and Liquor Corporation on July 1, 2002 (http://en.ttl.com.tw/about/about_06.aspx, http://en.ttl.com.tw/about/about_03.aspx).
Reclame uit 2007 met zangeres A-mei
pop star Chang Hui-mei (張惠妹), better known as A-mei, to a one-year contract, making her the first female celebrity to become a spokesperson for domestic beer products, the company said.
"Our analyses shows that women only account for 20 to 30 percent of beer drinkers. But beer suits everyone, regardless of age or gender," said Ray Dawn (董瑞斌), chairman of Taiwan Tobacco, at a press conference held yesterday as the temperature shot to a record-breaking 37.6?C in Taipei.
A-mei will face off with film actor Chang Chen (張震), who was hired in April to be the face of Taiwan Kirin Co Ltd (台灣麒麟啤酒).
Taiwan Kirin president Hiraoka Takanori said in a previous interview that he was looking to see a 20 percent growth over last year's sales, based on the Chang campaign and World Cup commercials.
A-mei is not the first singer to front for Taiwan Beer. Rock star Wu Bai (伍佰) led the way, and was followed by the Mando-pop band Six Plus (六甲樂團) (www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2006/07/08/2003317875).
Ook zangeres Jolin is met het biermerk verbonden (www.chinaentertainmentnews.com/2012/07/
jolin-tsai-announces-new-album-at.html). Jolin Tsai Has A Dance-Off For Taiwan Beer Commercials. After becoming the spokesperson for Taiwan Beer, Jolin Tai shots commercials for the company (www.jpopasia.com/news/jolin-tsai-has-a-dance-off-for-taiwan-beer-commercials::6043.html, http://girlsofasianmedia.tumblr.com/post/4563730010/jolin-tsai-taiwan-beer-part-2-cm-new). A-mei becomes new model for Taiwan Beer ads.
Taiwan Beer is made with specially chosen imported malt and hop and top quality locally exclusive Ponlai rice. The finely chosen ingredients are mixed to the best ratio and brewed with specially chosen bottom fermentation yeast in low t
(http://en.ttl.com.tw/product/product_detail.aspx?class_id=23)
En om het nog complexer te maken:
